Comparative Survey of the Anal Glands of Birds
نویسنده
چکیده
GLANDS of the skin or integument of birds are frequently assumed to be limited to the uropygeal glands (Pycraft, 1910; GrassY, 1950; and others). Nevertheless, if one includes with integument those areas that are histologically skin-like but form unions with mucous membranes or deeper structures, additional glands must be considered. One set of these little-known glands is that found in the integument around the anal opening (Greschik, 1914) and along the anal canal. These anal glands are external with respect o the cloacal chambers and the truly cloacal glands of the cloacal walls, but they have been lumped with the cloacal glands in some of the previous articles mentioning them. The comparative histological survey presented here serves to show that avian anal glands comprise a well defined glandular category of wide taxonomic distribution. At the same time, there are evident distributional and structural characteristics or peculiarities in certain species, suggesting the merit of more detailed study of the glands within particular systematic assemblages of birds.
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